| 106 |
\reffig{arctic_topog}. It is carved out from, and obtains open |
\reffig{arctic_topog}. It is carved out from, and obtains open |
| 107 |
boundary conditions from, the global cubed-sphere configuration |
boundary conditions from, the global cubed-sphere configuration |
| 108 |
described above. The horizontal domain size is 420 by 384 grid boxes. |
described above. The horizontal domain size is 420 by 384 grid boxes. |
| 109 |
\begin{figure} |
\begin{figure*} |
| 110 |
\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.44\linewidth]{\fpath/topography}}} |
\includegraphics*[width=0.44\linewidth]{\fpath/topography} |
| 111 |
\caption{Bathymetry and domain boudaries of Arctic |
\includegraphics*[width=0.46\linewidth]{\fpath/archipelago} |
| 112 |
Domain. The letters label sections in the Canadian Archipelago, |
\caption{Left: Bathymetry and domain boudaries of Arctic |
| 113 |
where ice transport is evaluated. |
Domain; the dashed line marks the boundaries of the inset on the |
| 114 |
|
right hand side. The letters in the inset label sections in the |
| 115 |
|
Canadian Archipelago, where ice transport is evaluated: |
| 116 |
|
A: Nares Strait; % |
| 117 |
|
B: \ml{Meighen Island}; % |
| 118 |
|
C: Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea; % |
| 119 |
|
D: \ml{Brock Island}; % |
| 120 |
|
E: McClure Strait; % |
| 121 |
|
F: Amundsen Gulf; % |
| 122 |
|
G: Lancaster Sound; % |
| 123 |
|
H: Barrow Strait \ml{W.}; % |
| 124 |
|
I: Barrow Strait \ml{E.}; % |
| 125 |
|
J: Barrow Strait \ml{N.}. % |
| 126 |
\label{fig:arctic_topog}} |
\label{fig:arctic_topog}} |
| 127 |
\end{figure} |
\end{figure*} |
| 128 |
|
|
| 129 |
The main dynamic difference from cube sphere is that it does not use |
The main dynamic difference from cube sphere is that it does not use |
| 130 |
rescaled vertical coordinates (z$^\ast$) and the surface boundary |
rescaled vertical coordinates (z$^\ast$) and the surface boundary |
| 131 |
conditions for freshwater input are different, because those features |
conditions for freshwater input are different, because those features |
| 132 |
are not supported by the open boundary code. |
are not supported by the open boundary code. |
| 133 |
|
|
| 134 |
Open water, dry ice, wet ice, dry snow, and wet snow albedo are, respectively, 0.15, 0.85, |
Open water, dry ice, wet ice, dry snow, and wet snow albedo are, |
| 135 |
0.76, 0.94, and 0.8. |
respectively, 0.15, 0.85, 0.76, 0.94, and 0.8. |
| 136 |
|
|
| 137 |
The model is integrated from January, 1992 to March \ml{[???]}, 2000, |
The model is integrated from January, 1992 to March \ml{[???]}, 2000, |
| 138 |
with three different dynamical solvers and two different boundary |
with three different dynamical solvers and two different boundary |
| 284 |
|
|
| 285 |
The difference in ice volume and ice drift velocities between the |
The difference in ice volume and ice drift velocities between the |
| 286 |
different experiments has consequences for the ice transport out of |
different experiments has consequences for the ice transport out of |
| 287 |
the Arctic. Although the main export of ice goes through the Fram |
the Arctic. Although the most exported ice drifts through the Fram |
| 288 |
Strait, a considerable amoung of ice is exported through the Canadian |
Strait (approximately $2300\pm610\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), a |
| 289 |
Archipelago \citep{???}. \reffig{archipelago} shows a time series of |
considerable amount (order $160\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) ice is |
| 290 |
\ml{[maybe smooth to longer time scales:] daily averaged} ice |
exported through the Canadian Archipelago \citep[and references |
| 291 |
transport through various straits in the Canadian Archipelago and the |
therein]{serreze06}. \reffig{archipelago} shows a time series of |
| 292 |
Fram Strait for the different model solutions. Generally, the |
\ml{[maybe smooth to different time scales:] daily averaged, smoothed |
| 293 |
C-EVP-ns solution has highest maximum (export out of the Artic) and |
with monthly running means,} ice transports through various straits |
| 294 |
minimum (import into the Artic) fluxes as the drift velocities are |
in the Canadian Archipelago and the Fram Strait for the different |
| 295 |
largest in this solution \ldots |
model solutions. The export through Fram Strait is too high in all |
| 296 |
|
model (annual averages ranges from $3324$ to |
| 297 |
|
$3931\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) solutions, while the export through |
| 298 |
|
Lancaster Sound is lower (annual averages are $41$ to |
| 299 |
|
$201\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) than compared to observations. |
| 300 |
|
Generally, the C-EVP solutions have highest maximum (export out of the |
| 301 |
|
Artic) and minimum (import into the Artic) fluxes as the drift |
| 302 |
|
velocities are largest in this solution. In the extreme, both B- and |
| 303 |
|
C-grid LSOR solvers have practically no ice transport through the |
| 304 |
|
Nares Strait, which is only a few grid points wide, while the C-EVP |
| 305 |
|
solutions allow up to 500\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$ in summer. |
| 306 |
\begin{figure} |
\begin{figure} |
| 307 |
\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/Jan1992xport}}} |
%\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/Jan1992xport}}} |
| 308 |
|
\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}} |
| 309 |
\caption{Transport through Canadian Archipelago for different solver |
\caption{Transport through Canadian Archipelago for different solver |
| 310 |
flavors. The letters refer to the labels of the sections in |
flavors. The letters refer to the labels of the sections in |
| 311 |
\reffig{arctic_topog}. |
\reffig{arctic_topog}; positive values are flux out of the Arctic. |
| 312 |
\label{fig:archipelago}} |
\label{fig:archipelago}} |
| 313 |
\end{figure} |
\end{figure} |
| 314 |
|
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