366 |
\end{figure} |
\end{figure} |
367 |
The generally weaker ice drift velocities in the B-LSR-ns solution, |
The generally weaker ice drift velocities in the B-LSR-ns solution, |
368 |
when compared to the C-LSR-ns solution, in particular through the |
when compared to the C-LSR-ns solution, in particular through the |
369 |
narrow passages in the Canadian Archipelago, lead to a larger build-up |
narrow passages in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, lead to a larger build-up |
370 |
of ice north of Greenland and the Archipelago by 2\,m effective |
of ice north of Greenland and the Archipelago by 2\,m effective |
371 |
thickness and more in the B-grid solution (\reffig{icethick}b). But |
thickness and more in the B-grid solution (\reffig{icethick}b). But |
372 |
the ice volume in not larger everywhere: further west, there are |
the ice volume in not larger everywhere: further west, there are |
382 |
Imposing a free-slip boundary condition in C-LSR-fs leads to much |
Imposing a free-slip boundary condition in C-LSR-fs leads to much |
383 |
smaller differences to C-LSR-ns in the central Arctic than the |
smaller differences to C-LSR-ns in the central Arctic than the |
384 |
transition from the B-grid to the C-grid (\reffig{icethick}c), except |
transition from the B-grid to the C-grid (\reffig{icethick}c), except |
385 |
in the Canadian Archipelago. There it reduces the effective ice |
in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. There it reduces the effective ice |
386 |
thickness by 2\,m and more where the ice is thick and the straits are |
thickness by 2\,m and more where the ice is thick and the straits are |
387 |
narrow. Dipoles of ice thickness differences can also be observed |
narrow. Dipoles of ice thickness differences can also be observed |
388 |
around islands, because the free-slip solution allows more flow around |
around islands, because the free-slip solution allows more flow around |
391 |
% |
% |
392 |
The C-EVP-ns solution has much thicker ice in the central Arctic Ocean |
The C-EVP-ns solution has much thicker ice in the central Arctic Ocean |
393 |
than the C-LSR-ns solution (\reffig{icethick}d, note the color scale). |
than the C-LSR-ns solution (\reffig{icethick}d, note the color scale). |
394 |
Within the Canadian Archipelago, more drift leads to faster ice export |
Within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, more drift leads to faster ice export |
395 |
and reduced effective ice thickness. With a shorter time step of |
and reduced effective ice thickness. With a shorter time step of |
396 |
$\Delta{t}_\mathrm{evp}=10\text{\,s}$ the EVP solution converges to |
$\Delta{t}_\mathrm{evp}=10\text{\,s}$ the EVP solution converges to |
397 |
the LSOR solution (not shown). Only in the narrow straits in the |
the LSOR solution (not shown). Only in the narrow straits in the |
443 |
\caption{Arctic ice volume averaged over Jan--Mar 2000, in |
\caption{Arctic ice volume averaged over Jan--Mar 2000, in |
444 |
$\text{km$^{3}$}$. Mean ice transport and standard deviation for the |
$\text{km$^{3}$}$. Mean ice transport and standard deviation for the |
445 |
period Jan 1992 -- Dec 1999 through the Fram Strait (FS), the |
period Jan 1992 -- Dec 1999 through the Fram Strait (FS), the |
446 |
total northern inflow into the Canadian Archipelago (NI), and the |
total northern inflow into the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (NI), and the |
447 |
export through Lancaster Sound (LS), in $\text{km$^{3}$\,y$^{-1}$}$. |
export through Lancaster Sound (LS), in $\text{km$^{3}$\,y$^{-1}$}$. |
448 |
\label{tab:icevolume}} |
\label{tab:icevolume}} |
449 |
\end{table} |
\end{table} |
455 |
the Arctic. Although by far the most exported ice drifts through the |
the Arctic. Although by far the most exported ice drifts through the |
456 |
Fram Strait (approximately $2300\pm610\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), a |
Fram Strait (approximately $2300\pm610\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), a |
457 |
considerable amount (order $160\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) ice is |
considerable amount (order $160\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) ice is |
458 |
exported through the Canadian Archipelago \citep[and references |
exported through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago \citep[and references |
459 |
therein]{serreze06}. Note, that ice transport estimates are associated |
therein]{serreze06}. Note, that ice transport estimates are associated |
460 |
with large uncertainties; also note that tuning an Arctic sea |
with large uncertainties; also note that tuning an Arctic sea |
461 |
ice-ocean model to reproduce observations is not our goal, but we use |
ice-ocean model to reproduce observations is not our goal, but we use |
463 |
|
|
464 |
\reffig{archipelago} shows an excerpt of a time series of daily |
\reffig{archipelago} shows an excerpt of a time series of daily |
465 |
averaged ice transports, smoothed with a monthly running mean, through |
averaged ice transports, smoothed with a monthly running mean, through |
466 |
various straits in the Canadian Archipelago and the Fram Strait for |
various straits in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Fram Strait for |
467 |
the different model solutions; \reftab{icevolume} summarizes the |
the different model solutions; \reftab{icevolume} summarizes the |
468 |
time series. |
time series. |
469 |
\begin{figure} |
\begin{figure} |
471 |
%\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}} |
%\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}} |
472 |
%\centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}} |
%\centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}} |
473 |
\centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export1996}}} |
\centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export1996}}} |
474 |
\caption{Transport through Canadian Archipelago for different solver |
\caption{Transport through Canadian Arctic Archipelago for different solver |
475 |
flavors. The letters refer to the labels of the sections in |
flavors. The letters refer to the labels of the sections in |
476 |
\reffig{arctic_topog}; positive values are flux out of the Arctic; |
\reffig{arctic_topog}; positive values are flux out of the Arctic; |
477 |
legend abbreviations are explained in \reftab{experiments}. The mean |
legend abbreviations are explained in \reftab{experiments}. The mean |
484 |
$2300\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$, except for \mbox{C-LSR-ns~WTD} with |
$2300\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$, except for \mbox{C-LSR-ns~WTD} with |
485 |
$2760\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ and the EVP solution with the long |
$2760\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ and the EVP solution with the long |
486 |
time step of 150\,s with nearly $3000\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), |
time step of 150\,s with nearly $3000\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), |
487 |
while the export through the Candian Archipelago is smaller than |
while the export through the Candian Arctic Archipelago is smaller than |
488 |
generally thought. For example, the ice transport through Lancaster |
generally thought. For example, the ice transport through Lancaster |
489 |
Sound is lower (annual averages are $43$ to |
Sound is lower (annual averages are $43$ to |
490 |
$256\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) than in \citet{dey81} who estimates an |
$256\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) than in \citet{dey81} who estimates an |
499 |
ice transport, while the C-EVP solutions allow up to |
ice transport, while the C-EVP solutions allow up to |
500 |
$600\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ in summer (not shown); \citet{tang04} |
$600\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ in summer (not shown); \citet{tang04} |
501 |
report $300$ to $350\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$. As as consequence, |
report $300$ to $350\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$. As as consequence, |
502 |
the import into the Candian Archipelago is larger in all EVP solutions |
the import into the Candian Arctic Archipelago is larger in all EVP solutions |
503 |
%(range: $539$ to $773\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) |
%(range: $539$ to $773\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) |
504 |
than in the LSOR solutions. |
than in the LSOR solutions. |
505 |
%get the order of magnitude right (range: $132$ to |
%get the order of magnitude right (range: $132$ to |
523 |
but similar to that for the LSOR solver). Albeit smaller, the |
but similar to that for the LSOR solver). Albeit smaller, the |
524 |
differences between free and no-slip solutions in ice drift can lead |
differences between free and no-slip solutions in ice drift can lead |
525 |
to equally large differences in ice volume, especially in the Canadian |
to equally large differences in ice volume, especially in the Canadian |
526 |
Archipelago over the integration time. At first, this observation |
Arctic Archipelago over the integration time. At first, this observation |
527 |
seems counterintuitive, as we expect that the solution |
seems counterintuitive, as we expect that the solution |
528 |
\emph{technique} should not affect the \emph{solution} to a higher |
\emph{technique} should not affect the \emph{solution} to a higher |
529 |
degree than actually modifying the equations. A more detailed study on |
degree than actually modifying the equations. A more detailed study on |