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revision 1.20 by mlosch, Sat Jul 5 10:39:16 2008 UTC revision 1.21 by mlosch, Mon Jul 28 07:38:27 2008 UTC
# Line 366  concentrations (not shown). Line 366  concentrations (not shown).
366  \end{figure}  \end{figure}
367  The generally weaker ice drift velocities in the B-LSR-ns solution,  The generally weaker ice drift velocities in the B-LSR-ns solution,
368  when compared to the C-LSR-ns solution, in particular through the  when compared to the C-LSR-ns solution, in particular through the
369  narrow passages in the Canadian Archipelago, lead to a larger build-up  narrow passages in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, lead to a larger build-up
370  of ice north of Greenland and the Archipelago by 2\,m effective  of ice north of Greenland and the Archipelago by 2\,m effective
371  thickness and more in the B-grid solution (\reffig{icethick}b). But  thickness and more in the B-grid solution (\reffig{icethick}b). But
372  the ice volume in not larger everywhere: further west, there are  the ice volume in not larger everywhere: further west, there are
# Line 382  solution. Line 382  solution.
382  Imposing a free-slip boundary condition in C-LSR-fs leads to much  Imposing a free-slip boundary condition in C-LSR-fs leads to much
383  smaller differences to C-LSR-ns in the central Arctic than the  smaller differences to C-LSR-ns in the central Arctic than the
384  transition from the B-grid to the C-grid (\reffig{icethick}c), except  transition from the B-grid to the C-grid (\reffig{icethick}c), except
385  in the Canadian Archipelago. There it reduces the effective ice  in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. There it reduces the effective ice
386  thickness by 2\,m and more where the ice is thick and the straits are  thickness by 2\,m and more where the ice is thick and the straits are
387  narrow.  Dipoles of ice thickness differences can also be observed  narrow.  Dipoles of ice thickness differences can also be observed
388  around islands, because the free-slip solution allows more flow around  around islands, because the free-slip solution allows more flow around
# Line 391  affected only slightly by the different Line 391  affected only slightly by the different
391  %  %
392  The C-EVP-ns solution has much thicker ice in the central Arctic Ocean  The C-EVP-ns solution has much thicker ice in the central Arctic Ocean
393  than the C-LSR-ns solution (\reffig{icethick}d, note the color scale).  than the C-LSR-ns solution (\reffig{icethick}d, note the color scale).
394  Within the Canadian Archipelago, more drift leads to faster ice export  Within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, more drift leads to faster ice export
395  and reduced effective ice thickness. With a shorter time step of  and reduced effective ice thickness. With a shorter time step of
396  $\Delta{t}_\mathrm{evp}=10\text{\,s}$ the EVP solution converges to  $\Delta{t}_\mathrm{evp}=10\text{\,s}$ the EVP solution converges to
397  the LSOR solution (not shown). Only in the narrow straits in the  the LSOR solution (not shown). Only in the narrow straits in the
# Line 443  leads to generally thicker ice (\reffig{ Line 443  leads to generally thicker ice (\reffig{
443    \caption{Arctic ice volume averaged over Jan--Mar 2000, in    \caption{Arctic ice volume averaged over Jan--Mar 2000, in
444      $\text{km$^{3}$}$. Mean ice transport and standard deviation for the      $\text{km$^{3}$}$. Mean ice transport and standard deviation for the
445      period Jan 1992 -- Dec 1999 through the Fram Strait (FS), the      period Jan 1992 -- Dec 1999 through the Fram Strait (FS), the
446      total northern inflow into the Canadian Archipelago (NI), and the      total northern inflow into the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (NI), and the
447      export through Lancaster Sound (LS), in $\text{km$^{3}$\,y$^{-1}$}$.      export through Lancaster Sound (LS), in $\text{km$^{3}$\,y$^{-1}$}$.
448    \label{tab:icevolume}}    \label{tab:icevolume}}
449  \end{table}  \end{table}
# Line 455  different experiments has consequences f Line 455  different experiments has consequences f
455  the Arctic. Although by far the most exported ice drifts through the  the Arctic. Although by far the most exported ice drifts through the
456  Fram Strait (approximately $2300\pm610\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), a  Fram Strait (approximately $2300\pm610\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$), a
457  considerable amount (order $160\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) ice is  considerable amount (order $160\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) ice is
458  exported through the Canadian Archipelago \citep[and references  exported through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago \citep[and references
459  therein]{serreze06}. Note, that ice transport estimates are associated  therein]{serreze06}. Note, that ice transport estimates are associated
460  with large uncertainties; also note that tuning an Arctic sea  with large uncertainties; also note that tuning an Arctic sea
461  ice-ocean model to reproduce observations is not our goal, but we use  ice-ocean model to reproduce observations is not our goal, but we use
# Line 463  the published numbers as an orientation. Line 463  the published numbers as an orientation.
463    
464  \reffig{archipelago} shows an excerpt of a time series of daily  \reffig{archipelago} shows an excerpt of a time series of daily
465  averaged ice transports, smoothed with a monthly running mean, through  averaged ice transports, smoothed with a monthly running mean, through
466  various straits in the Canadian Archipelago and the Fram Strait for  various straits in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Fram Strait for
467  the different model solutions; \reftab{icevolume} summarizes the  the different model solutions; \reftab{icevolume} summarizes the
468  time series.  time series.
469  \begin{figure}  \begin{figure}
# Line 471  time series. Line 471  time series.
471  %\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}}  %\centerline{{\includegraphics*[width=0.6\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}}
472  %\centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}}  %\centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export}}}
473  \centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export1996}}}  \centerline{{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{\fpath/ice_export1996}}}
474  \caption{Transport through Canadian Archipelago for different solver  \caption{Transport through Canadian Arctic Archipelago for different solver
475    flavors. The letters refer to the labels of the sections in    flavors. The letters refer to the labels of the sections in
476    \reffig{arctic_topog}; positive values are flux out of the Arctic;    \reffig{arctic_topog}; positive values are flux out of the Arctic;
477    legend abbreviations are explained in \reftab{experiments}. The mean    legend abbreviations are explained in \reftab{experiments}. The mean
# Line 484  model solutions (annual averages range f Line 484  model solutions (annual averages range f
484  $2300\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$, except for \mbox{C-LSR-ns~WTD} with  $2300\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$, except for \mbox{C-LSR-ns~WTD} with
485  $2760\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ and the EVP solution with the long  $2760\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ and the EVP solution with the long
486  time step of 150\,s with nearly $3000\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$),  time step of 150\,s with nearly $3000\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$),
487  while the export through the Candian Archipelago is smaller than  while the export through the Candian Arctic Archipelago is smaller than
488  generally thought. For example, the ice transport through Lancaster  generally thought. For example, the ice transport through Lancaster
489  Sound is lower (annual averages are $43$ to  Sound is lower (annual averages are $43$ to
490  $256\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) than in \citet{dey81} who estimates an  $256\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$) than in \citet{dey81} who estimates an
# Line 499  configuration, both B- and C-grid LSOR s Line 499  configuration, both B- and C-grid LSOR s
499  ice transport, while the C-EVP solutions allow up to  ice transport, while the C-EVP solutions allow up to
500  $600\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ in summer (not shown); \citet{tang04}  $600\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$ in summer (not shown); \citet{tang04}
501  report $300$ to $350\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$.  As as consequence,  report $300$ to $350\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$.  As as consequence,
502  the import into the Candian Archipelago is larger in all EVP solutions  the import into the Candian Arctic Archipelago is larger in all EVP solutions
503  %(range: $539$ to $773\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$)  %(range: $539$ to $773\text{\,km$^3$\,y$^{-1}$}$)
504  than in the LSOR solutions.  than in the LSOR solutions.
505  %get the order of magnitude right (range: $132$ to  %get the order of magnitude right (range: $132$ to
# Line 523  considerably smaller (the difference for Line 523  considerably smaller (the difference for
523  but similar to that for the LSOR solver). Albeit smaller, the  but similar to that for the LSOR solver). Albeit smaller, the
524  differences between free and no-slip solutions in ice drift can lead  differences between free and no-slip solutions in ice drift can lead
525  to equally large differences in ice volume, especially in the Canadian  to equally large differences in ice volume, especially in the Canadian
526  Archipelago over the integration time. At first, this observation  Arctic Archipelago over the integration time. At first, this observation
527  seems counterintuitive, as we expect that the solution  seems counterintuitive, as we expect that the solution
528  \emph{technique} should not affect the \emph{solution} to a higher  \emph{technique} should not affect the \emph{solution} to a higher
529  degree than actually modifying the equations. A more detailed study on  degree than actually modifying the equations. A more detailed study on

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